初始安裝後tomcat 8將無法啟動

我正在嘗試在新的 CentOS 7 虛擬機上安裝 tomcat。我成功安裝了 apache httpd，當我將虛擬機的 ip 輸入到網路中另一台電腦上的 Web 瀏覽器中時，我能夠獲得 apache 測試頁面。但是我在輸入時收到以下錯誤消息systemctl start tomcat：

Job for tomcat.service failed. See 'systemctl status tomcat.service' and 'journalctl -xn' for details.  

以下是安裝 java 和 tomcat 中命令的完整歷史：

我首先使用本教程中的說明安裝 java，因為 tomcat 說明（下面的第二個塊）希望我使用 openjdk，而我需要使用真正的 java：

//Install Java
# cd /opt/
# yum install wget
# wget --no-cookies --no-check-certificate --header "Cookie: gpw_e24=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oracle.com%2F; oraclelicense=accept-securebackup-cookie" "http://download.oracle.com/otn-pub/java/jdk/8u60-b27/jdk-8u60-linux-x64.tar.gz"

# tar xzf jdk-8u60-linux-x64.tar.gz

# cd /opt/jdk1.8.0_60/
# alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /opt/jdk1.8.0_60/bin/java 2
# alternatives --config java
(Select the version you want)
# alternatives --install /usr/bin/jar jar /opt/jdk1.8.0_60/bin/jar 2
# alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac /opt/jdk1.8.0_60/bin/javac 2
# alternatives --set jar /opt/jdk1.8.0_60/bin/jar
# alternatives --set javac /opt/jdk1.8.0_60/bin/javac
# java -version (checks to see you install correct version)
# export JAVA_HOME=/opt/jdk1.8.0_60
# export JRE_HOME=/opt/jdk1.8.0_60/jre
# export PATH=$PATH:/opt/jdk1.8.0_60/bin:/opt/jdk1.8.0_60/jre/bin

請注意，前面的教程沒有解釋如何將環境變數放入/etc/environment，所以我在那個命令之前停止了。

以下命令來自另一個教程。我在安裝java之後開始：

//Install Tomcat
Login as sudo user, not root.
# sudo groupadd tomcat
# sudo useradd -M -s /bin/nologin -g tomcat -d /opt/tomcat tomcat
# cd ~
# wget http://mirrors.gigenet.com/apache/tomcat/tomcat-8/v8.0.27/bin/apache-tomcat-8.0.27.tar.gz
# sudo mkdir /opt/tomcat
# sudo tar xvf apache-tomcat-8*tar.gz -C /opt/tomcat --strip-components=1
# cd /opt/tomcat
# sudo chgrp -R tomcat conf
# sudo chmod g+rwx conf
# sudo chmod g+r conf/*
# sudo chown -R tomcat work/ temp/ logs/
# sudo vi /etc/systemd/system/tomcat.service
Cut and paste the following file contents:
##################################################
# Systemd unit file for tomcat
[Unit]
Description=Apache Tomcat Web Application Container
After=syslog.target network.target

[Service]
Type=forking

Environment=JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/jre
Environment=CATALINA_PID=/opt/tomcat/temp/tomcat.pid
Environment=CATALINA_HOME=/opt/tomcat
Environment=CATALINA_BASE=/opt/tomcat
Environment='CATALINA_OPTS=-Xms512M -Xmx1024M -server -XX:+UseParallelGC'
Environment='JAVA_OPTS=-Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom'

ExecStart=/opt/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
ExecStop=/bin/kill -15 $MAINPID

User=tomcat
Group=tomcat

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
##################################################
# sudo systemctl daemon-reload

# sudo systemctl start tomcat
Job for tomcat.service failed. See 'systemctl status tomcat.service' and 'journalctl -xn' for details.
# sudo systemctl start tomcat.service

tomcat.service 的作業失敗。有關詳細資訊，請參閱“systemctl status tomcat.service”和“journalctl -xn”。# sudo systemctl enable tomcat.service ln -s ‘/etc/systemd/system/tomcat.service’ ‘/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/tomcat.service’ # sudo systemctl enable tomcat

# sudo systemctl status tomcat.service
tomcat.service - Apache Tomcat Web Application Container
  Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/tomcat.service; enabled)
  Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Tue 2015-10-13 11:05:31 PDT; 47s ago

Oct 13 11:05:31 localhost.localdomain kill[20887]: -q, --queue <sig>      use sigqueue(2) rather than kill(2)
Oct 13 11:05:31 localhost.localdomain kill[20887]: -p, --pid              print pids without signaling them
Oct 13 11:05:31 localhost.localdomain kill[20887]: -l, --list [=<signal>] list signal names, or convert one to a name
Oct 13 11:05:31 localhost.localdomain kill[20887]: -L, --table            list signal names and numbers
Oct 13 11:05:31 localhost.localdomain kill[20887]: -h, --help     display this help and exit
Oct 13 11:05:31 localhost.localdomain kill[20887]: -V, --version  output version information and exit
Oct 13 11:05:31 localhost.localdomain kill[20887]: For more details see kill(1).
Oct 13 11:05:31 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: tomcat.service: control process exited, code=exited status=1
Oct 13 11:05:31 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Failed to start Apache Tomcat Web Application Container.
Oct 13 11:05:31 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Unit tomcat.service entered failed state.

正如其他文章中所建議的那樣，執行yum localinstall更新的 jdk rpm不起作用。

---

編輯：

---

根據@Bram 的建議，我將配置文件更改為以下內容，但仍然出現相同的錯誤：

# Systemd unit file for tomcat
[Unit]
Description=Apache Tomcat Web Application Container
After=syslog.target network.target

[Service]
Type=forking

Environment=JAVA_HOME=/opt/jdk1.8.0_60
Environment=CATALINA_PID=/opt/tomcat/temp/tomcat.pid
Environment=CATALINA_HOME=/opt/tomcat
Environment=CATALINA_BASE=/opt/tomcat
Environment='CATALINA_OPTS=-Xms512M -Xmx1024M -server -XX:+UseParallelGC'
Environment='JAVA_OPTS=-Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom'

ExecStart=/opt/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
ExecStop=/bin/kill -15 $MAINPID

User=tomcat
Group=tomcat

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

此外，根據@JeffSchaller 在聊天中的評論，我能夠讓 tomcat 本地啟動，如下所示：

[user@localhost tomcat]$ sudo /opt/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE: /opt/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /opt/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /opt/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /
Using CLASSPATH: /opt/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/opt/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Tomcat started.
[user@localhost tomcat]$

因此，此 OP 中的問題似乎與 systemd 配置有關。我該如何解決？

我有同樣的問題，通過以下方式解決：

1. 給整個tomcat目錄的tomcat使用者所有權：

cd /opt && sudo chown -R tomcat tomcat/

2. 並在 /etc/systemd/system/tomcat.service 中註釋掉以下行：

Environment='CATALINA_OPTS=-Xms512M -Xmx1024M -server -XX:+UseParallelGC'

由於您將 Java 安裝在非預設位置，因此您需要告訴 tomcat 在哪裡可以找到它。

在您發布的單元文件中，JAVA_HOME 設置為 /usr/lib/jvm/jre，但在有關 java 安裝的部分中 JAVA_HOME 設置為 /opt/jdk1.8.0_60。

如果您在 tomcat systemd 單元文件中設置 JAVA_HOME 我相信它會起作用。

單元文件還指定使用者 tomcat。但是當你手動啟動它時，你會以 root 身份啟動它。問題很可能是tomcat試圖打開一個特權埠。啟動腳本是否以root身份啟動tomcat？或者它是否以使用者 tomcat 身份啟動程序？從單元文件中刪除使用者和組應該會觸發與命令行嘗試相同的行為。

引用自：https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/235891