Debian
帶有 Cinnamon 的 Debian 10 (Buster)：沒有硬體渲染
我已經安裝了帶有 Cinnamon 的 Debian Buster 作為桌面環境。登錄後，Cinnamon 會在桌面上顯示一條警告，說明它以軟體渲染模式執行，僅推薦用於故障排除目的。
.xsession-errors日誌說同樣的（見下文）。我想 Cinnamon 在 Wayland 下執行。系統沒有專用顯卡。而是使用Intel I7 9700K CPU 的處理器圖形。
必須做什麼才能讓 Cinnamon 以硬體加速執行？
系統
CPU: Intel I7 9700K (Coffee Lake) Mainboard: MSI Z390 A-Pro (latest BIOS) SSD: Samsung SSD 970 Evo Plus at the board's M.2 connector OS: Debian 10 (Buster)核心
# uname -a Linux 4.19.0-5-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.19.37-5+deb10u2 (2019-08-08) x86_64 GNU/Linux圖形驅動程序/庫
i965-va-driver/stable,now 2.3.0+dfsg1-1 amd64 [installed,automatic] intel-media-va-driver/stable,now 18.4.1+dfsg1-1 amd64 [installed,automatic] libva-drm2/stable,now 2.4.0-1 amd64 [installed,automatic] libva-x11-2/stable,now 2.4.0-1 amd64 [installed,automatic] libva2/stable,now 2.4.0-1 amd64 [installed,automatic] mesa-va-drivers/stable,now 18.3.6-2 amd64 [installed,automatic] va-driver-all/stable,now 2.4.0-1 amd64 [installed,automatic].xsession-errors 的節選
Cinnamon warning: Software rendering detected: llvmpipe (LLVM 7.0, 256 bits) Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.080: JS LOG: About to start Cinnamon Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.080: JS LOG: ACTIVATING SOFTWARE RENDERING Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.080: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/error] Cinnamon Software Rendering mode enabled ** Message: 06:07:12.092: nemo-desktop: session is not cinnamon (checked XDG_SESSION_DESKTOP,DESKTOP_SESSION environment variables.) Applying default behavior Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.125: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Cinnamon.AppSystem.get_default() started in 44 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.128: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] loading default theme Cinnamon warning: Log level 128: posix_spawn avoided (fd close requested) Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.187: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] PlacesManager: Updating devices St-Message: 06:07:12.188: cogl npot texture sizes SUPPORTED Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.193: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] loaded at Thu Aug 29 2019 06:07:12 GMT+0000 (UTC) Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.193: JS LOG: Cinnamon started at Thu Aug 29 2019 06:07:12 GMT+0000 (UTC) Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.210: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] ExtensionSystem started in 2 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.210: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] DeskletManager started in 0 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.210: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] SearchProviderManager started in 0 ms openGL version 3.3 detected (GL3 Cogl Driver) MetaSyncRing disabled: couldn't find required GL extensions, or the minimum safe openGL version was not met Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.255: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet show-desktop@cinnamon.org in 16 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.259: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet removable-drives@cinnamon.org in 4 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.278: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet keyboard@cinnamon.org in 16 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.282: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Role locked: notifications Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.291: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet notifications@cinnamon.org in 12 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.304: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet user@cinnamon.org in 14 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.321: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet calendar@cinnamon.org in 16 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.339: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Role locked: panellauncher Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.341: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet panel-launchers@cinnamon.org in 20 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.352: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet power@cinnamon.org in 12 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.360: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet window-list@cinnamon.org in 8 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.407: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet sound@cinnamon.org in 46 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.437: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet network@cinnamon.org in 30 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.682: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Loaded applet menu@cinnamon.org in 246 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.683: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] AppletManager started in 490 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.683: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] AppletManager started in 490 ms Cjs-Message: 06:07:12.717: JS LOG: [LookingGlass/info] Cinnamon took 636 ms to startlsmod 的輸出
Module Size Used by snd_hda_codec_hdmi 57344 0 snd_hda_codec_realtek 122880 1 snd_hda_codec_generic 86016 1 snd_hda_codec_realtek fuse 122880 3 intel_rapl 24576 0 x86_pkg_temp_thermal 16384 0 i915 1728512 0 intel_powerclamp 16384 0 coretemp 16384 0 kvm_intel 245760 0 drm_kms_helper 200704 1 i915 kvm 724992 1 kvm_intel drm 483328 2 drm_kms_helper,i915 i2c_algo_bit 16384 1 i915 irqbypass 16384 1 kvm snd_hda_intel 45056 2 snd_hda_codec 151552 4 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec_realtek crct10dif_pclmul 16384 0 crc32_pclmul 16384 0 snd_hda_core 94208 5 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_codec_realtek ghash_clmulni_intel 16384 0 snd_hwdep 16384 1 snd_hda_codec intel_cstate 16384 0 snd_pcm 114688 4 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_core snd_timer 36864 1 snd_pcm intel_uncore 135168 0 snd 94208 12 snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hwdep,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_codec_realtek,snd_timer,snd_pcm mei_me 45056 0 iTCO_wdt 16384 0 sg 36864 0 wmi_bmof 16384 0 intel_rapl_perf 16384 0 mei 118784 1 mei_me soundcore 16384 1 snd pcspkr 16384 0 iTCO_vendor_support 16384 1 iTCO_wdt intel_pch_thermal 16384 0 acpi_pad 24576 0 evdev 28672 9 acpi_tad 16384 0 pcc_cpufreq 16384 0 parport_pc 32768 1 ppdev 20480 0 lp 20480 0 parport 57344 3 parport_pc,lp,ppdev ip_tables 28672 0 x_tables 45056 1 ip_tables autofs4 49152 2 ext4 733184 3 crc16 16384 1 ext4 mbcache 16384 1 ext4 jbd2 122880 1 ext4 crc32c_generic 16384 0 fscrypto 32768 1 ext4 ecb 16384 0 hid_generic 16384 0 usbhid 57344 0 hid 135168 2 usbhid,hid_generic sd_mod 61440 4 crc32c_intel 24576 5 mxm_wmi 16384 0 xhci_pci 16384 0 nvme 36864 1 e1000e 282624 0 ahci 40960 3 xhci_hcd 266240 1 xhci_pci libahci 40960 1 ahci libata 270336 2 libahci,ahci aesni_intel 200704 0 usbcore 290816 3 xhci_hcd,usbhid,xhci_pci scsi_mod 245760 3 sd_mod,libata,sg aes_x86_64 20480 1 aesni_intel crypto_simd 16384 1 aesni_intel cryptd 28672 3 crypto_simd,ghash_clmulni_intel,aesni_intel nvme_core 81920 3 nvme glue_helper 16384 1 aesni_intel i2c_i801 28672 0 usb_common 16384 1 usbcore thermal 20480 0 fan 16384 0 wmi 28672 2 wmi_bmof,mxm_wmi video 45056 1 i915 button 16384 0參考：https ://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/processors/core/i7-processors/i7-9700k.html
在嘗試了另一塊主機板後，我終於可以解決問題了。
似乎唯一需要的更改是將 Debian Buster (4.19.x) 的預設 Linux 核心更新到 Debian Buster backports (5.3.x) 的最新核心。
在那次更新之後，軟體渲染警告消息消失了，沒有進一步的行動。