Debian
帶有 OpenVPN 客戶端的 Debian 8 Jessie
我有一個 Debian 8 Jessie 伺服器，需要連接到我的家庭網路，並且我在家裡的 pfSense 2.2 機器上使用 OpenVPN 伺服器。我在舊的 Debian 版本下做得很好，所以我猜我在 systemd 如何控制服務方面缺少一些新的東西……
我有我需要的一切
/etc/openvpn/，並有一個合理的簡單設置：client dev tun proto udp remote home.dynamic-domain.com 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind user nobody group nobody persist-tun persist-key ca /etc/openvpn/ca.crt cert /etc/openvpn/hostname.crt key /etc/openvpn/hostname.key tls-auth /etc/openvpn/tls.key 1 cipher "AES-256-CBC" comp-lzo verb 3並且相關的證書/密鑰存在且正確。
手動調出配置效果很好：
~# openvpn --config /etc/openvpn/servervpn.conf Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 OpenVPN 2.3.4 x86_64-pc-linux-gnu [SSL (OpenSSL)] [LZO] [EPOLL] [PKCS11] [MH] [IPv6] built on Dec 1 2014 Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 library versions: OpenSSL 1.0.1k 8 Jan 2015, LZO 2.08 Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 WARNING: No server certificate verification method has been enabled. See http://openvpn.net/howto.html#mitm for more info. Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 Control Channel Authentication: using '/etc/openvpn/servervpn/tls.key' as a OpenVPN static key file Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 Outgoing Control Channel Authentication: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 Incoming Control Channel Authentication: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 Socket Buffers: R=[212992->131072] S=[212992->131072] Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 NOTE: UID/GID downgrade will be delayed because of --client, --pull, or --up-delay Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 UDPv4 link local: [undef] Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 UDPv4 link remote: [AF_INET]x.x.x.x:1194 Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 TLS: Initial packet from [AF_INET]x.x.x.x:1194, sid=531d85a9 2201aab6 Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 VERIFY OK: depth=1, xxxxxxxx Sat Jun 27 13:26:08 2015 VERIFY OK: depth=0, xxxxxxxx Sat Jun 27 13:26:13 2015 Data Channel Encrypt: Cipher 'AES-256-CBC' initialized with 256 bit key Sat Jun 27 13:26:13 2015 Data Channel Encrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Sat Jun 27 13:26:13 2015 Data Channel Decrypt: Cipher 'AES-256-CBC' initialized with 256 bit key Sat Jun 27 13:26:13 2015 Data Channel Decrypt: Using 160 bit message hash 'SHA1' for HMAC authentication Sat Jun 27 13:26:13 2015 Control Channel: TLSv1, cipher TLSv1/SSLv3 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA, 2048 bit RSA Sat Jun 27 13:26:13 2015 [hm-py-router-01] Peer Connection Initiated with [AF_INET]188.78.154.7:11193 Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 SENT CONTROL [hm-py-router-01]: 'PUSH_REQUEST' (status=1) Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 PUSH: Received control message: 'PUSH_REPLY,route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0,topology net30,ping 5,ping-restart 60,ifconfig 192.168.11.6 192.168.11.5' Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 OPTIONS IMPORT: timers and/or timeouts modified Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 OPTIONS IMPORT: --ifconfig/up options modified Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 OPTIONS IMPORT: route options modified Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 ROUTE_GATEWAY 176.126.240.1/255.255.248.0 IFACE=eth0 HWADDR=00:16:3c:89:81:e0 Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 TUN/TAP device tun0 opened Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 TUN/TAP TX queue length set to 100 Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 do_ifconfig, tt->ipv6=0, tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup=0 Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 /sbin/ip link set dev tun0 up mtu 1500 Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 /sbin/ip addr add dev tun0 local 192.168.11.6 peer 192.168.11.5 Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 /sbin/ip route add 192.168.10.0/24 via 192.168.11.5 Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 GID set to nogroup Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 UID set to nobody Sat Jun 27 13:26:15 2015 Initialization Sequence Completed ^CSat Jun 27 13:28:17 2015 event_wait : Interrupted system call (code=4) Sat Jun 27 13:28:17 2015 /sbin/ip route del 192.168.11.1/32 RTNETLINK answers: Operation not permitted Sat Jun 27 13:28:17 2015 ERROR: Linux route delete command failed: external program exited with error status: 2 Sat Jun 27 13:28:17 2015 /sbin/ip route del 192.168.51.0/24 RTNETLINK answers: Operation not permitted Sat Jun 27 13:28:17 2015 ERROR: Linux route delete command failed: external program exited with error status: 2 Sat Jun 27 13:28:17 2015 Closing TUN/TAP interface Sat Jun 27 13:28:17 2015 /sbin/ip addr del dev tun0 local 192.168.11.6 peer 192.168.11.5 RTNETLINK answers: Operation not permitted Sat Jun 27 13:28:17 2015 Linux ip addr del failed: external program exited with error status: 2 Sat Jun 27 13:28:17 2015 SIGINT[hard,] received, process exiting不幸的是，將openvpn作為服務啟動似乎並沒有打開隧道，或者做很多我能看到的事情……
~# systemctl start openvpn.service ~# systemctl status openvpn.service ● openvpn.service - OpenVPN service Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/openvpn.service; enabled) Active: active (exited) since Sat 2015-06-27 13:29:12 EDT; 4min 3s ago Process: 13873 ExecStart=/bin/true (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 13873 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) CGroup: /system.slice/openvpn.service隧道似乎永遠不會出現……所以我也嘗試了“舊”方式：
~# /etc/init.d/openvpn start [ ok ] Starting openvpn (via systemctl): openvpn.service. ~# /etc/init.d/openvpn status ● openvpn.service - OpenVPN service Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/openvpn.service; enabled) Active: active (exited) since Sat 2015-06-27 13:09:12 EDT; 8min ago Process: 13873 ExecStart=/bin/true (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 13873 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) CGroup: /system.slice/openvpn.service但似乎 SysV 初始化腳本只是呼叫 systemctrl 反正。
我瀏覽了 OpenVPN 的 Debian wiki 頁面，當作為服務執行時，它應該解析
*.conf/etc/openvpn 中的任何文件並調出介面，除非在/etc/default/openvpn.不確定我的下一步。
正如我之前所說：
我猜我在 systemd 如何控制服務方面缺少一些新東西。
是的，在頂部的評論中有解釋
/lib/systemd/system/openvpn.service。你和其他提問者一樣，rc直接呼叫了 System 5 腳本。 不要rc直接呼叫 System 5 腳本，尤其是在rc沒有使用System 5 的系統上，例如 Debian 版本 8。OpenVPN 是 systemd 下的模板化服務——無論是 Fedora、Ubuntu 還是 Debian Linux。這些服務被命名為. 所以你應該開始你的實例
openvpn@*config*.service``/etc/openvpn/servervpn.confsystemctl start openvpn@servervpn.service進一步閱讀