如何在 debian 11 上安裝 gcc 和 build-essential？

在**/etc/apt/sources.list**中，允許的來源是

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
deb http://emacs.ganneff.de/ buster main

我安裝了這些軟體包

$ sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get install make build-essential libssl-dev zlib1g-dev \
libbz2-dev libreadline-dev libsqlite3-dev wget curl llvm \
libncursesw5-dev xz-utils tk-dev libxml2-dev libxmlsec1-dev libffi-dev liblzma-dev

其中一些無法安裝。輸出消息是

Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease
Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates InRelease
Hit:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates InRelease
Hit:4 http://emacs.ganneff.de buster InRelease
Reading package lists... Done
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
curl is already the newest version (7.64.0-4+deb10u2).
make is already the newest version (4.2.1-1.2).
make set to manually installed.
wget is already the newest version (1.21-1+deb11u1).
xz-utils is already the newest version (5.2.5-2.1~deb11u1).
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
dpkg-dev : Depends: libdpkg-perl (= 1.19.7) but 1.20.9 is to be installed
       Recommends: fakeroot
       Recommends: libalgorithm-merge-perl but it is not going to be installed
g++ : Depends: cpp (= 4:8.3.0-1) but 4:10.2.1-1 is to be installed
gcc : Depends: cpp (= 4:8.3.0-1) but 4:10.2.1-1 is to be installed
libbz2-dev : Depends: libbz2-1.0 (= 1.0.6-9.2~deb10u1) but 1.0.8-4 is to be installed
         Recommends: bzip2-doc but it is not going to be installed
libc6-dev : Depends: libc6 (= 2.28-10+deb10u1) but 2.31-13+deb11u2 is to be installed
        Depends: libc-dev-bin (= 2.28-10+deb10u1) but it is not going to be installed
libfontconfig1-dev : Depends: libfontconfig1 (= 2.13.1-2) but 2.13.1-4.2 is to be installed
                 Depends: libexpat1-dev but it is not going to be installed
                 Depends: uuid-dev but it is not going to be installed
libfreetype6-dev : Depends: libfreetype6 (= 2.9.1-3+deb10u2) but 2.10.4+dfsg-1 is to be installed
               Depends: libpng-dev but it is not going to be installed
liblzma-dev : Depends: liblzma5 (= 5.2.4-1+deb10u1) but 5.2.5-2.1~deb11u1 is to be installed
libncurses-dev : Depends: libtinfo6 (= 6.1+20181013-2+deb10u2) but 6.2+20201114-2 is to be installed
             Depends: libncurses6 (= 6.1+20181013-2+deb10u2) but 6.2+20201114-2 is to be installed
             Depends: libncursesw6 (= 6.1+20181013-2+deb10u2) but 6.2+20201114-2 is to be installed
libncursesw5-dev : Depends: libtinfo6 (= 6.1+20181013-2+deb10u2) but 6.2+20201114-2 is to be installed
libsqlite3-dev : Depends: libsqlite3-0 (= 3.27.2-3+deb10u1) but 3.34.1-3 is to be installed
libssl-dev : Depends: libssl1.1 (= 1.1.1n-0+deb10u2) but 1.1.1n-0+deb11u2 is to be installed
libx11-dev : Depends: libx11-6 (= 2:1.6.7-1+deb10u2) but 2:1.7.2-1 is to be installed
         Depends: libxau-dev (>= 1:1.0.0-1) but it is not going to be installed
         Depends: libxcb1-dev but it is not going to be installed
libxext-dev : Depends: libxext6 (= 2:1.3.3-1+b2) but 2:1.3.3-1.1 is to be installed
libxml2-dev : Depends: libxml2 (= 2.9.4+dfsg1-7+deb10u3) but 2.9.10+dfsg-6.7 is to be installed
libxmlsec1-dev : Depends: libgcrypt20-dev but it is not going to be installed
             Depends: libgnutls28-dev but it is not going to be installed
             Depends: libnss3-dev but it is not going to be installed
             Depends: libxmlsec1 (= 1.2.27-2) but 1.2.31-1 is to be installed
             Depends: libxmlsec1-nss (= 1.2.27-2) but 1.2.31-1 is to be installed
             Depends: libxslt1-dev (>= 1.0.20) but it is not going to be installed
libxt-dev : Depends: libxt6 (= 1:1.1.5-1+b3) but 1:1.2.0-1 is to be installed
        Depends: libsm-dev but it is not going to be installed
zlib1g-dev : Depends: zlib1g (= 1:1.2.11.dfsg-1+deb10u1) but 1:1.2.11.dfsg-2+deb11u1 is to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

為什麼這麼多依賴不匹配？如何安裝它們？

問題是由於錯誤的配置名稱。我編輯了**/etc/apt/sources.list**如下

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main

它完美地工作。

官方 SourcesList 文件在這裡：

https://wiki.debian.org/SourcesList

引用自：https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/703434