解析主機名需要 5 秒
我有一個主
bind9
DNS 伺服器和 2 個在 IPv4(Debian Jessie)上執行的從伺服器,使用/etc/bind/named.conf
:listen-on-v6 { none; };
當我嘗試從不同的伺服器連接時,每個連接至少需要 5 秒(我使用Joseph 的時間資訊進行調試):
$ curl -w "@curl-format.txt" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com time_namelookup: 5.512 time_connect: 5.512 time_appconnect: 5.529 time_pretransfer: 5.529 time_redirect: 0.000 time_starttransfer: 5.531 ---------- time_total: 5.531
根據
curl
,查找需要大部分時間,但是標準nslookup
非常快:$ time nslookup example.com > /dev/null 2>&1 real 0m0.018s user 0m0.016s sys 0m0.000s
強制
curl
使用 IPv4 後,它變得好多了:$ curl -4 -w "@curl-format.txt" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com time_namelookup: 0.004 time_connect: 0.005 time_appconnect: 0.020 time_pretransfer: 0.020 time_redirect: 0.000 time_starttransfer: 0.022 ---------- time_total: 0.022
我在主機上禁用了 IPv6:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/disable_ipv6
雖然問題仍然存在。我試過執行
strace
看看超時的原因是什麼:write(2, "*", 1*) = 1 write(2, " ", 1 ) = 1 write(2, "Hostname was NOT found in DNS ca"..., 36Hostname was NOT found in DNS cache ) = 36 socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 4 close(4) = 0 mmap(NULL, 8392704, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_STACK, -1, 0) = 0x7f220bcf8000 mprotect(0x7f220bcf8000, 4096, PROT_NONE) = 0 clone(child_stack=0x7f220c4f7fb0, flags=CLONE_VM|CLONE_FS|CLONE_FILES|CLONE_SIGHAND|CLONE_THREAD|CLONE_SYSVSEM|CLONE_SETTLS|CLONE_PARENT_SETTID|CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID, parent_tidptr=0x7f220c4f89d0, tls=0x7f220c4f8700, child_tidptr=0x7f220c4f89d0) = 2004 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, NULL, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 poll(0, 0, 4) = 0 (Timeout) rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, NULL, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 poll(0, 0, 8) = 0 (Timeout) rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, NULL, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 poll(0, 0, 16) = 0 (Timeout) rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, NULL, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 poll(0, 0, 32) = 0 (Timeout) rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, NULL, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {SIG_IGN, [PIPE], SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, 0x7f22102e08d0}, NULL, 8) = 0 poll(0, 0, 64) = 0 (Timeout)
這似乎不是防火牆問題,因為
nslookup
(或curl -4
)正在使用相同的 DNS 伺服器。知道有什麼問題嗎?這是
tcpdump
來自主持人的tcpdump -vvv -s 0 -l -n port 53
:tcpdump: listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes 20:14:52.542526 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 35839, offset 0, flags [DF], proto UDP (17), length 63) 192.168.1.1.59163 > 192.168.1.2.53: [bad udp cksum 0xf9f3 -> 0x96c7!] 39535+ A? example.com. (35) 20:14:52.542540 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 35840, offset 0, flags [DF], proto UDP (17), length 63) 192.168.1.1.59163 > 192.168.1.2.53: [bad udp cksum 0xf9f3 -> 0x6289!] 45997+ AAAA? example.com. (35) 20:14:52.543281 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 61, id 63674, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 158) 192.168.1.2.53 > 192.168.1.1.59163: [udp sum ok] 45997* q: AAAA? example.com. 1/1/0 example.com. [1h] CNAME s01.example.com. ns: example.com. [10m] SOA ns01.example.com. ns51.domaincontrol.com. 2016062008 28800 7200 1209600 600 (130) 20:14:57.547439 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 36868, offset 0, flags [DF], proto UDP (17), length 63) 192.168.1.1.59163 > 192.168.1.2.53: [bad udp cksum 0xf9f3 -> 0x96c7!] 39535+ A? example.com. (35) 20:14:57.548188 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 61, id 64567, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 184) 192.168.1.2.53 > 192.168.1.1.59163: [udp sum ok] 39535* q: A? example.com. 2/2/2 example.com. [1h] CNAME s01.example.com., s01.example.com. [1h] A 136.243.154.168 ns: example.com. [30m] NS ns01.example.com., example.com. [30m] NS ns02.example.com. ar: ns01.example.com. [1h] A 136.243.154.168, ns02.example.com. [1h] A 192.168.1.2 (156) 20:14:57.548250 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 36869, offset 0, flags [DF], proto UDP (17), length 63) 192.168.1.1.59163 > 192.168.1.2.53: [bad udp cksum 0xf9f3 -> 0x6289!] 45997+ AAAA? example.com. (35) 20:14:57.548934 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 61, id 64568, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 158) 192.168.1.2.53 > 192.168.1.1.59163: [udp sum ok] 45997* q: AAAA? example.com. 1/1/0 example.com. [1h] CNAME s01.example.com. ns: example.com. [10m] SOA ns01.example.com. ns51.domaincontrol.com. 2016062008 28800 7200 1209600 600 (130)
編輯: 在綁定日誌中經常出現此消息:
error sending response: host unreachable
但是,每個查詢最終都會得到回答(只需要 5 秒)。所有機器都是物理伺服器(這不是 NAT 的錯),數據包更有可能被路由器阻止。這是很可能相關的問題:DNS 查找有時需要 5 秒。
簡短的回答:
一種解決方法是強制
glibc
重用套接字來查找AAAA
和A
記錄,方法是在 中添加一行/etc/resolv.conf
:options single-request-reopen
這個問題的真正原因可能是:
- 錯誤配置的防火牆或路由器(例如,此處描述的瞻博網路防火牆配置)導致丟棄
AAAA
DNS 數據包- DNS伺服器中的錯誤
長答案:
程序喜歡
curl
或wget
使用 glibc 的函式getaddrinfo(),它通過並行查找兩個 DNS 記錄來嘗試與 IPv4 和 IPv6 兼容。在收到兩條記錄之前它不會返回結果(存在與此類行為相關的幾個問題) - 這解釋了strace
上述內容。當強制使用 IPv4 時,例如在curl -4
內部gethostbyname()
僅查詢A
記錄。從
tcpdump
我們可以看出:
-> A?
開始時發送兩個請求-> AAAA?
(請求 IPv6 地址)<- AAAA
回复-> A?
再次請求 IPv4 地址<- A
得到答复-> AAAA?
再次請求 IPv6<- AAAA
回复
A
由於某種原因,一個回復被丟棄了,這就是這個錯誤消息:error sending response: host unreachable
然而,我不清楚為什麼需要第二次
AAAA
查詢。要驗證您是否遇到同樣的問題,您可以在以下位置更新超時
/etc/resolv.conf
:options timeout:3
首先使用自定義時間報告配置創建一個文本文件:
cat >./curl-format.txt <<-EOF time_namelookup: %{time_namelookup}\n time_connect: %{time_connect}\n time_appconnect: %{time_appconnect}\n time_redirect: %{time_redirect}\n time_pretransfer: %{time_pretransfer}\n time_starttransfer: %{time_starttransfer}\n ----------\n time_total: %{time_total}\n EOF
然後發送請求:
$ curl -w "@curl-format.txt" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com time_namelookup: 3.511 time_connect: 3.511 time_appconnect: 3.528 time_pretransfer: 3.528 time_redirect: 0.000 time_starttransfer: 3.531 ---------- time_total: 3.531
中還有另外兩個相關選項
man resolv.conf
:**單個請求(自 glibc 2.10 起)**設置
RES_SNGLKUP
為_res.options
. 預設情況下,glibc 從 2.9 版本開始並行執行 IPv4 和 IPv6 查找。某些設備 DNS 伺服器無法正確處理這些查詢並使請求超時。此選項禁用該行為並讓 glibc 順序執行 IPv6 和 IPv4 請求(以解析過程的一些減慢為代價)。single-request-reopen (glibc 2.9 起) 解析器對 A 和 AAAA 請求使用相同的套接字。一些硬體錯誤地只發回一個回复。當這種情況發生時,客戶端系統將坐下來等待第二個回复。打開此選項會更改此行為,以便如果未正確處理來自同一埠的兩個請求,它將關閉套接字並在發送第二個請求之前打開一個新的。
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