在 python3.7 中安裝 qutip 包會報錯

我正在使用 Python 3.7.3 執行 Linux Mint 19.1，並嘗試安裝 qutip 包。我已經安裝了以下內容，因此應該滿足依賴項：

NumPy-1.16.4
SciPy-1.3.0
Maplotlib-3.1.0
Cython-0.29.10
GCC-8.0.1

我不確定Python Header依賴關係，但我跑了

sudo apt-get install python3.7-dev

沒有錯誤，因為這是我在Google搜尋時唯一能找到的東西。當我嘗試qutip使用安裝時，pip我得到error: invalid command 'bdist_wheel'了兩次，Failed building wheel for py-postgresql然後Failed to build qubit py-postgresql它說安裝成功，請參閱終端的完整列印：

$ python3.7 -m pip install qubit
Collecting qubit
 Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7e/fb/b9f75dba12698a1c394d9732d6d05008cc8a4d1d4854fc7201792e908626/qubit-0.0.1.tar.gz
Collecting Flask==0.11.1 (from qubit)
 Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/63/2b/01f5ed23a78391f6e3e73075973da0ecb467c831376a0b09c0ec5afd7977/Flask-0.11.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting py-postgresql==1.1.0 (from qubit)
 Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/4c/cf/43d0287866f30f8b6f10ece19568fcda5477346c0f63bf5e9fb5c5eef121/py-postgresql-1.1.0.zip
Collecting pytest==3.0.3 (from qubit)
 Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a4/e9/bf75a9a91c4a545bad262937d1defa90d95ac912118a706406e21aef889a/pytest-3.0.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting click>=2.0 (from Flask==0.11.1->qubit)
 Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fa/37/45185cb5abbc30d7257104c434fe0b07e5a195a6847506c074527aa599ec/Click-7.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting Jinja2>=2.4 (from Flask==0.11.1->qubit)
 Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1d/e7/fd8b501e7a6dfe492a433deb7b9d833d39ca74916fa8bc63dd1a4947a671/Jinja2-2.10.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting Werkzeug>=0.7 (from Flask==0.11.1->qubit)
 Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9f/57/92a497e38161ce40606c27a86759c6b92dd34fcdb33f64171ec559257c02/Werkzeug-0.15.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting itsdangerous>=0.21 (from Flask==0.11.1->qubit)
 Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/76/ae/44b03b253d6fade317f32c24d100b3b35c2239807046a4c953c7b89fa49e/itsdangerous-1.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting py>=1.4.29 (from pytest==3.0.3->qubit)
 Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/76/bc/394ad449851729244a97857ee14d7cba61ddb268dce3db538ba2f2ba1f0f/py-1.8.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting MarkupSafe>=0.23 (from Jinja2>=2.4->Flask==0.11.1->qubit)
 Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/98/7b/ff284bd8c80654e471b769062a9b43cc5d03e7a615048d96f4619df8d420/MarkupSafe-1.1.1-cp37-cp37m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl
Building wheels for collected packages: qubit, py-postgresql
 Running setup.py bdist_wheel for qubit ... error
 Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3.7 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-bohuey6f/qubit/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" bdist_wheel -d /tmp/tmpy8xqxz6ipip-wheel- --python-tag cp37:
 usage: -c [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...]
    or: -c --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...]
    or: -c --help-commands
    or: -c cmd --help

 error: invalid command 'bdist_wheel'

 ----------------------------------------
 Failed building wheel for qubit
 Running setup.py clean for qubit
 Running setup.py bdist_wheel for py-postgresql ... error
 Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3.7 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-bohuey6f/py-postgresql/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" bdist_wheel -d /tmp/tmpl3nlfezopip-wheel- --python-tag cp37:
 usage: -c [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...]
    or: -c --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...]
    or: -c --help-commands
    or: -c cmd --help

 error: invalid command 'bdist_wheel'

 ----------------------------------------
 Failed building wheel for py-postgresql
 Running setup.py clean for py-postgresql
Failed to build qubit py-postgresql
Installing collected packages: click, MarkupSafe, Jinja2, Werkzeug, itsdangerous, Flask, py-postgresql, py, pytest, qubit
 Running setup.py install for py-postgresql ... done
 Running setup.py install for qubit ... done
Successfully installed Flask-0.11.1 Jinja2-2.10.1 MarkupSafe-1.1.1 Werkzeug-0.15.4 click-7.0 itsdangerous-1.1.0 py-1.8.0 py-postgresql-1.1.0 pytest-3.0.3 qubit-0.0.1
In ~/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages

然後我可以看到兩個名為qutipand qutip-4.3.1-py3.7.egg-infoin 的目錄，~/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages但如果我執行python3.7並嘗試import qutip一個ImportErrorfor 的東西IndexMixin，一個ModuleNotFoundErrorfor apt_pkg，請查看完整的列印輸出。

$ python3.7
Python 3.7.3 (default, Apr  3 2019, 19:16:38) 
[GCC 8.0.1 20180414 (experimental) [trunk revision 259383]] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import qutip
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 File "/home/kajsa/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/qutip/__init__.py", line 171, in <module>
   from qutip.qobj import *
 File "/home/kajsa/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/qutip/qobj.py", line 60, in <module>
   from qutip.fastsparse import fast_csr_matrix, fast_identity
 File "/home/kajsa/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/qutip/fastsparse.py", line 37, in <module>
   from scipy.sparse.sputils import (upcast, upcast_char, to_native, isdense, isshape,
ImportError: cannot import name 'IndexMixin' from 'scipy.sparse.sputils' (/home/kajsa/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/scipy/sparse/sputils.py)
Error in sys.excepthook:
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/apport_python_hook.py", line 63, in apport_excepthook
   from apport.fileutils import likely_packaged, get_recent_crashes
 File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/apport/__init__.py", line 5, in <module>
   from apport.report import Report
 File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/apport/report.py", line 30, in <module>
   import apport.fileutils
 File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/apport/fileutils.py", line 23, in <module>
   from apport.packaging_impl import impl as packaging
 File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/apport/packaging_impl.py", line 24, in <module>
   import apt
 File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/apt/__init__.py", line 23, in <module>
   import apt_pkg
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'apt_pkg'

Original exception was:
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 File "/home/kajsa/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/qutip/__init__.py", line 171, in <module>
   from qutip.qobj import *
 File "/home/kajsa/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/qutip/qobj.py", line 60, in <module>
   from qutip.fastsparse import fast_csr_matrix, fast_identity
 File "/home/kajsa/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/qutip/fastsparse.py", line 37, in <module>
   from scipy.sparse.sputils import (upcast, upcast_char, to_native, isdense, isshape,
ImportError: cannot import name 'IndexMixin' from 'scipy.sparse.sputils' (/home/kajsa/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/scipy/sparse/sputils.py)
>>> 

有什麼想法可能導致這種情況嗎？

感謝@Bart，我設法解決了所有錯誤程式碼。我就是這樣做的。

根據這篇文章，安裝錯誤error: invalid command 'bdist_wheel'，都通過安裝解決了。簡而言之，我只是跑了Failed building wheel for py-postgresql``Failed to build qubit py-postgresql``wheel

python3.7 -m pip install wheel
python3.7 -m pip install --upgrade --force-reinstall qutip

該問題ImportError: cannot import name 'IndexMixin' from 'scipy.sparse.sputils' (/home/kajsa/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/scipy/sparse/sputils.py)是由於最新版本中 scipy 包的更改造成的。根據這個討論，這不僅僅是一個舉動，而是對包的改變，所以我不得不安裝一個舊版本的 scipy。這是通過執行這些命令來完成的。

python3.7 -m pip uninstall scipy
python3.7 -m pip install scipy<1.3.0

最後，ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'apt_pkg'通過遵循這個答案和評論解決了。通過執行

sudo apt-get install --reinstall python3-apt
cd /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages
sudo ln -s apt_pkg.cpython-{36m,37m}-x86_64-linux-gnu.so

**注意：**如果你發現你得到一個錯誤，比如

ERROR: Could not install packages due to an EnvironmentError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: 'RECORD'
Consider using the `--user` option or check the permissions.

我認為，您可以通過添加--user標誌來解決它，或者像我一樣，通過以 root 身份執行它sudo -H，例如

sudo -H python3.7 -m pip install 'scipy<1.3.0'

您可能需要安裝/重新安裝wheelpip 包，或查看此執行緒：https ://stackoverflow.com/questions/34819221/why-is-python-setup-py-saying-invalid-command-bdist-wheel-on-travis -ci

引用自：https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/526818