Mount
新格式化的 USB 儲存設備，無法掛載
我剛買的便宜的 USB 驅動器有問題。這是我到目前為止所做的。
首先，在檢查了它的設備 ID 之後，我擦除了它：
$ sudo dd status=progress if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdi 4027441664 bytes (4.0 GB, 3.8 GiB) copied, 1334 s, 3.0 MB/s dd: writing to '/dev/sdi': No space left on device 7866369+0 records in 7866368+0 records out 4027580416 bytes (4.0 GB, 3.8 GiB) copied, 1462.23 s, 2.8 MB/s然後我在上面創建了一個分區：
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdi Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Device does not contain a recognized partition table. Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xd899fea4. Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): Using default response p. Partition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-7866367, default 2048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-7866367, default 7866367): +2G Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.然後我把它變成了 FAT：
Command (m for help): t Selected partition 1 Partition type (type L to list all types): c Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'. Command (m for help):然後我創建了第二個分區：
Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): Using default response p. Partition number (2-4, default 2): First sector (4196352-7866367, default 4196352): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4196352-7866367, default 7866367): Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 1.8 GiB.然後我也做了FAT：
Command (m for help): t Partition number (1,2, default 2): Partition type (type L to list all types): c Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'.然後我使第二個分區可啟動：
Command (m for help): a Partition number (1,2, default 2): The bootable flag on partition 2 is enabled now.然後我在檢查一切正常後保存了它：
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdi: 3.8 GiB, 4027580416 bytes, 7866368 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0xd899fea4 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdi1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G c W95 FAT32 (LBA) /dev/sdi2 * 4196352 7866367 3670016 1.8G c W95 FAT32 (LBA) Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.然後我創建了文件系統：
$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdi1 mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24) $ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdi2 mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)然後我嘗試安裝它們，這就是我發現問題的地方：
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi1 /mnt/1 $ sudo mount /dev/sdi2 /mnt/2 mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi2, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so.如您所見，我無法掛載第二個分區。所以首先我檢查了 /mnt/2 確實存在：
$ tree /mnt /mnt ├── 1 ├── 2 ├── 3 └── laura 4 directories, 0 files然後我嘗試改回可引導標誌，但無濟於事：
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdi Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): a Partition number (1,2, default 2): The bootable flag on partition 2 is disabled now. Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Re-reading the partition table failed.: Device or resource busy The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8). $ sudo umount /mnt/1 $ sudo partprobe $ sudo mount /dev/sdi1 /mnt/1 $ sudo mount /dev/sdi2 /mnt/2 mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi2, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so.接下來，我嘗試更改分區類型：
$ sudo umount /mnt/1 $ sudo fdisk /dev/sdi Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): t Partition number (1,2, default 2): Partition type (type L to list all types): 83 Changed type of partition 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)' to 'Linux'. Command (m for help): t Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1 Partition type (type L to list all types): 83 Changed type of partition 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)' to 'Linux'. Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.並創建了 ext4 文件系統：
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdi1 mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017) /dev/sdi1 contains a vfat file system Proceed anyway? (y,N) y Creating filesystem with 524288 4k blocks and 131072 inodes Filesystem UUID: 25ddfdac-d7eb-4c00-b0fe-c58a46cfac17 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done $ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdi2 mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017) /dev/sdi2 contains `ISO-8859 text, with very long lines, with no line terminators' data Proceed anyway? (y,N) y Creating filesystem with 458752 4k blocks and 114688 inodes Filesystem UUID: 5cdf13ed-453a-4947-9a5e-84b32a426648 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (8192 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done請注意，據報導，/dev/sdi2 不是 vfat 文件系統，而是包含“ISO-8859 文本，行很長，沒有行終止符數據”。
當我嘗試掛載分區時，它們都不起作用：
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi1 /mnt/1 mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi1, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so. $ sudo mount /dev/sdi2 /mnt/2 mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi2, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so.所以我決定改變它們的尺寸。為了做到這一點，我刪除了分區並再次創建了不同大小的分區：
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdi Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): d Partition number (1,2, default 2): Partition 2 has been deleted. Command (m for help): d Selected partition 1 Partition 1 has been deleted. Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): Using default response p. Partition number (1-4, default 1): First sector (2048-7866367, default 2048): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-7866367, default 7866367): +128M Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 128 MiB. Partition #1 contains a ext4 signature. Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y The signature will be removed by a write command. Command (m for help): n Partition type p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) e extended (container for logical partitions) Select (default p): Using default response p. Partition number (2-4, default 2): First sector (264192-7866367, default 264192): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (264192-7866367, default 7866367): Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 3.6 GiB. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdi: 3.8 GiB, 4027580416 bytes, 7866368 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0xd899fea4 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdi1 2048 264191 262144 128M 83 Linux /dev/sdi2 264192 7866367 7602176 3.6G 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.現在我創建了他們的 ext4 文件系統：
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdi1 mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017) Creating filesystem with 131072 1k blocks and 32768 inodes Filesystem UUID: 6ddbd9b9-590d-4566-9bd7-542fe208d3e3 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (4096 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done $ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdi2 mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017) /dev/sdi2 contains `Lotus unknown worksheet or configuration, revision 0x0' data Proceed anyway? (y,N) y Creating filesystem with 950272 4k blocks and 237568 inodes Filesystem UUID: 496ff913-1af7-4b9f-942a-29ae431cc9b2 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done同樣，請注意 /dev/sdi2 據稱如何包含“Lotus 未知工作表或配置，修訂 0x0 數據”
當我嘗試掛載分區時，出現了同樣的問題：
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi1 /mnt/1 $ sudo mount /dev/sdi2 /mnt/2 mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi2, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so.然後我嘗試將它們的類型改回 FAT 並創建 fat 文件系統：
$ sudo umount /mnt/1 $ sudo fdisk /dev/sdi Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): t Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1 Partition type (type L to list all types): c Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'. Command (m for help): t Partition number (1,2, default 2): Partition type (type L to list all types): c Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'W95 FAT32 (LBA)'. Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. $ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdi1 mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24) $ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdi2 mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)然後，當我嘗試安裝它們時，猜猜是什麼：
$ sudo mount /dev/sdi1 /mnt/1 $ sudo mount /dev/sdi2 /mnt/2 $ echo "hello" | sudo tee /mnt/2/hi hello $ cat /mnt/2/hi hello噠噠噠！有用！
然而，我需要分區具有其原始大小。有任何想法嗎？這是硬體問題嗎？這個USB是不是太糟糕了？
我安裝了Michel Machado 的f3 工具。當我使用 Arch Linux 時，我做了：
$ cd /tmp $ git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/f3.git $ cd f3 $ makepkg -si然後我用 f3probe 測試了這個 U 盤是否真的是假的：
$ sudo f3probe /dev/sdi F3 probe 6.0 Copyright (C) 2010 Digirati Internet LTDA. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. WARNING: Probing normally takes from a few seconds to 15 minutes, but it can take longer. Please be patient. Probe finished, recovering blocks... Done Bad news: The device `/dev/sdi' is a counterfeit of type limbo You can "fix" this device using the following command: f3fix --last-sec=473913 /dev/sdi Device geometry: *Usable* size: 231.40 MB (473914 blocks) Announced size: 3.75 GB (7866368 blocks) Module: 4.00 GB (2^32 Bytes) Approximate cache size: 1.00 MB (2048 blocks), need-reset=no Physical block size: 512.00 Byte (2^9 Bytes) Probe time: 42.34s
我懷疑它是一個流氓USB，對自己的容量有誇大的想法。獲取一個程序來測試這個東西，以確保多個邏輯塊沒有映射到同一個物理塊上。
不幸的是，其中大多數似乎是 Windows 程序：
但這只是通過快速Google。我看到了這個，雖然我沒有嘗試過：