Python

安裝 python 模組失敗 - 缺少“limits.h”？

  • March 5, 2019

我正在嘗試安裝許多需要編譯的 python 3 模組（例如 regex、cytoolsz、spacy），但它們都失敗並出現與下面（底部）相同的錯誤。我嘗試使用下面的 grep 檢查是否存在“limits.h”。我重新安裝了 gcc、g++ build-essentials、python3-dev 等，但無濟於事。

我在 Ubuntu 18.10 上。

dpkg -s gcc  
Package: gcc
Status: install ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: devel
Installed-Size: 50
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Source: gcc-defaults (1.179ubuntu1)
Version: 4:8.2.0-1ubuntu1
Provides: c-compiler, gcc-x86-64-linux-gnu (= 4:8.2.0-1ubuntu1)
Depends: cpp (= 4:8.2.0-1ubuntu1), gcc-8 (>= 8.2.0-4~)
Recommends: libc6-dev | libc-dev
Suggests: gcc-multilib, make, manpages-dev, autoconf, automake, libtool, flex, bison, gdb, gcc-doc
Conflicts: gcc-doc (<< 1:2.95.3)
Description: GNU C compiler
This is the GNU C compiler, a fairly portable optimizing compiler for C.
.
This is a dependency package providing the default GNU C compiler.
Original-Maintainer: Debian GCC Maintainers <debian-gcc@lists.debian.org>

查看：

x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -xc -E -v /dev/null

Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 8.2.0-7ubuntu1' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-8/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-8 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --with-sysroot=/ --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-libmpx --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --with-target-system-zlib --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 8.2.0 (Ubuntu 8.2.0-7ubuntu1) 
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-E' '-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/cc1 -E -quiet -v -imultiarch x86_64-linux-gnu /dev/null -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/local/include/x86_64-linux-gnu"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include
/usr/local/include
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu
/usr/include
End of search list.
# 1 "/dev/null"
# 1 "<built-in>"
# 1 "<command-line>"
# 31 "<command-line>"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "<command-line>" 2
# 1 "/dev/null"
COMPILER_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/
LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../lib/:/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-E' '-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'

查看：

dpkg -S limits.h | grep linux
linux-headers-4.18.0-15: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-15/include/linux/dynamic_queue_limits.h
linux-libc-dev:amd64: /usr/include/linux/limits.h
linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8/include/uapi/linux/limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-14: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-14/include/linux/drbd_limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-15: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-15/arch/arm/include/asm/limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-14: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-14/include/uapi/linux/limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-14: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-14/include/linux/dynamic_queue_limits.h
libgcc-8-dev:amd64: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed/limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-14: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-14/arch/arm/include/asm/limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-15: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-15/include/linux/drbd_limits.h
linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8/include/linux/drbd_limits.h
linux-headers-4.18.0-15: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.18.0-15/include/uapi/linux/limits.h
linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8/include/linux/dynamic_queue_limits.h
linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8: /usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-041900rc8/arch/arm/include/asm/limits.h
libgcc-8-dev:amd64: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed/syslimits.h

錯誤：

   sudo pip3 install regex                   
The directory '/home/mac/.cache/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
The directory '/home/mac/.cache/pip' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and caching wheels has been disabled. check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
Collecting regex
 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9a/6f/8c1479c781bbc94394f9c4e33ad4139068bcc6a1b018c5a5525471262b8a/regex-2019.02.18.tar.gz (643kB)
   100% |████████████████████████████████| 645kB 813kB/s 
Installing collected packages: regex
 Running setup.py install for regex ... error
   Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-n16bk3y6/regex/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-z1rqj4ab-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile:
   /home/mac/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py:475: UserWarning: Normalizing '2019.02.18' to '2019.2.18'
     normalized_version,
   running install
   running build
   running build_py
   creating build
   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
   copying regex_3/regex.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
   copying regex_3/_regex_core.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
   copying regex_3/test_regex.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
   running build_ext
   building '_regex' extension
   creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
   creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/regex_3
   x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c regex_3/_regex.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/regex_3/_regex.o
   In file included from /usr/include/python3.6m/Python.h:11,
                    from regex_3/_regex.c:48:
   /usr/include/limits.h:124:26: error: no include path in which to search for limits.h
    # include_next <limits.h>
                             ^
   In file included from regex_3/_regex.c:48:
   /usr/include/python3.6m/Python.h:14:2: error: #error "Something's broken.  UCHAR_MAX should be defined in limits.h."
    #error "Something's broken.  UCHAR_MAX should be defined in limits.h."
     ^~~~~
   /usr/include/python3.6m/Python.h:18:2: error: #error "Python's source code assumes C's unsigned char is an 8-bit type."
    #error "Python's source code assumes C's unsigned char is an 8-bit type."
     ^~~~~
   In file included from /usr/include/python3.6m/Python.h:25,
                    from regex_3/_regex.c:48:
   /usr/include/stdio.h:33:10: fatal error: stddef.h: No such file or directory
    #include <stddef.h>
             ^~~~~~~~~~
   compilation terminated.
   error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1

   ----------------------------------------
Command "/usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-n16bk3y6/regex/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-z1rqj4ab-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-n16bk3y6/regex/

兩者都已安裝，我也嘗試重新安裝兩者linux-libc-dev。libc6-dev我PATH的是：

$ echo $PATH
/home/mac/.opam/system/bin:/home/mac/.local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin

我還嘗試引導到較早的核心 4.18.0，但結果是一樣的。

分析（你可以跳過它，但它可能有助於將來診斷類似的問題）

您的 GCC 抱怨缺少從（另一個limits.h文件）引用的文件：/usr/include/limits.h limits.h

/usr/include/limits.h:124:26: error: no include path in which to search for limits.h

檢查/usr/include/limits.h我們可以看到以下內容：

$ sed -n 117,125p /usr/include/limits.h
/* Get the compiler's limits.h, which defines almost all the ISO constants.

   We put this #include_next outside the double inclusion check because
   it should be possible to include this file more than once and still get
   the definitions from gcc's header.  */
#if defined __GNUC__ && !defined _GCC_LIMITS_H_
/* `_GCC_LIMITS_H_' is what GCC's file defines.  */
# include_next <limits.h>
#endif

換句話說，libclimits.h包含編譯器本身提供的另一個。 limits.h使用該apt-file工具和一些常識，我們可以確定您需要的包是libgcc-8-dev：

$ apt-file search /limits.h | grep gcc-8
libgcc-8-dev: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed/limits.h
...

您的dpkg查詢列出了已安裝的包和文件：

$ dpkg -S limits.h | grep linux
libgcc-8-dev:amd64: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed/limits.h
...

但是，GCC 抱怨缺少目錄：

$ x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -xc -E -v /dev/null
...
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed"

結論和修復

所有這一切可能意味著該libgcc-8-dev軟體包在您的系統上以某種方式損壞。要恢復它，請執行：

$ sudo apt-get install --reinstall libgcc-8-dev

（您可能需要替換8為您擁有的適當的主要 GCC 版本）

通常，如果您不記得limits.h從系統中手動刪除或以任何其他方式修改 GCC 安裝，那麼檢查文件系統的一致性和硬碟驅動器執行狀況可能是個好主意。

引用自：https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/504139

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