Software-Installation
修復python設置
在我的 Kubuntu 14.4（它的標準是 python 2.7.6）上，我的 python 在我嘗試安裝 python 2.7.10 後在如何在 Debian 上單獨安裝最新的 Python 版本的幫助下從 python.org 建構後被破壞或升級？. 我無法使用標準命令修復它，我懷疑我的 dpkg 在 python 安裝方面有些混亂/損壞。我想在這方面修復 dpkg。我懷疑這與文件有關，
/var/lib/dpkg/status尤其是第一個。我想我必須以某種方式重新設置，但我真的不是專家。我這麼認為的原因是：/var/lib/dpkg/available``/var/lib/dpkg/info/*``dpkg$ apt-cache policy python python: Installed: 2.7.10-1 Candidate: 2.7.10-1 Version table: *** 2.7.10-1 0 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status 2.7.5-5ubuntu3 0 500 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main amd64 Packages $ /usr/bin/python2.7 Python 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13) [GCC 4.8.2] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> exit()我嘗試安裝 python 2.7.10的原因是因為我需要它用於另一個程序（因為 python 2.7.6 的 ssl / openssl 問題），但現在我只想修復我的系統 - 讓它成為 python 2.7 .6.
完整的技術
我開始嘗試通過詢問 ubuntu https://askubuntu.com/questions/648424/muon-is-gone-after-change-of-python-issues-after-python-2-7-10-installation-來解決這個問題上，但我在那裡沒有得到任何答案。也許是錯誤的人群。從那以後我已經嘗試了很多，並且知道問題出在哪裡，但不知道完成此操作的步驟。
從我無法安裝 muon 開始
sudo apg-get install muon：$ sudo apt-get install muon Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable distribution that some required packages have not yet been created or been moved out of Incoming. The following information may help to resolve the situation: The following packages have unmet dependencies: muon : Depends: apt-xapian-index but it is not going to be installed E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.典型的建議（例如來自https://askubuntu.com/questions/118749/package-system-is-broken-how-to-fix-it）沒有幫助：
sudo apt-get autoremove sudo apt-get clean sudo apt-get autoclean sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade -f sudo apt-get -f install muon或者
sudo apt-get -f install或者
sudo dpkg --configure -a sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade sudo apt-get install muon或者
sudo apt-get -o dpkg::options::="--force-confnew" -o dpkg::options::="--force-confmiss" --reinstall install muon沒有幫助。所以我嘗試了
$ sudo apt-get install apt-xapian-index Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable distribution that some required packages have not yet been created or been moved out of Incoming. The following information may help to resolve the situation: The following packages have unmet dependencies: apt-xapian-index : Depends: python-xapian (>= 1.0.2) but it is not going to be installed Depends: python-apt (>= 0.7.93.2) but it is not going to be installed Depends: python-debian (>= 0.1.14) but it is not going to be installed Depends: python:any (>= 2.7.1-0ubuntu2) E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.並發現問題出在其他程序上
$ sudo apt-get install meld Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable distribution that some required packages have not yet been created or been moved out of Incoming. The following information may help to resolve the situation: The following packages have unmet dependencies: meld : Depends: python:any (>= 2.7.1-0ubuntu2) Depends: python-gtk2 (>= 2.14) but it is not going to be installed Depends: python-glade2 (>= 2.14) but it is not going to be installed Depends: python-gobject-2 (>= 2.16) but it is not going to be installed Recommends: python-gnome2 but it is not going to be installed Recommends: python-gconf but it is not going to be installed Recommends: python-gtksourceview2 (>= 2.4) but it is not going to be installed E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.所以我嘗試了（沒有運氣）
$ sudo update-alternatives --config python update-alternatives: error: no alternatives for python以下內容也無濟於事：
sudo dpkg -P python2.7 sudo apt-get install python2.7 sudo dpkg -P python-minimal sudo apt-get autoremove && sudo apt-get clean sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get -f install我正進入（狀態
$ apt-cache policy python python: Installed: 2.7.10-1 Candidate: 2.7.10-1 Version table: *** 2.7.10-1 0 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status 2.7.5-5ubuntu3 0 500 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main amd64 Packages嘗試重新安裝 python 不起作用
$ sudo apt-get -o dpkg::options::="--force-confnew" -o dpkg::options::="--force-confmiss" --reinstall install python Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Reinstallation of python is not possible, it cannot be downloaded. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 16 not upgraded.或者
$ sudo apt-get -o dpkg::options::="--force-confnew" -o dpkg::options::="--force-confmiss" --reinstall install python2 Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done E: Unable to locate package python2並且嘗試建構解除安裝程序也不起作用：
~/Python-2.7.10$ sudo make uninstall make: *** No rule to make target `uninstall'. Stop.所以我開始懷疑我必須以某種方式修復 dpkg，因為
$ apt-cache policy python python: Installed: 2.7.10-1 Candidate: 2.7.10-1 Version table: *** 2.7.10-1 0 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status 2.7.5-5ubuntu3 0 500 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main amd64 Packages $ /usr/bin/python2.7 Python 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13) [GCC 4.8.2] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> exit()更多資訊（附錄）
$ dpkg -l python* | grep -v ^un Gewünscht=Unbekannt/Installieren/R=Entfernen/P=Vollständig Löschen/Halten | Status=Nicht/Installiert/Config/U=Entpackt/halb konFiguriert/ Halb installiert/Trigger erWartet/Trigger anhängig |/ Fehler?=(kein)/R=Neuinstallation notwendig (Status, Fehler: GROSS=schlecht) ||/ Name Version Architektur Beschreibung +++-===========================================-=======================================-============-===================================================================================================================================================================================================================== ii python 2.7.10-1 amd64 Python 2.7.10 ii python-apt-common 0.9.3.5ubuntu1 all Python interface to libapt-pkg (locales) ii python-chardet-whl 2.2.1-2~ubuntu1 all universal character encoding detector ii python-colorama-whl 0.2.5-0.1ubuntu2 all Cross-platform colored terminal text in Python - Wheels ii python-cups 1.9.66-0ubuntu2 amd64 Python bindings for CUPS rc python-cupshelpers 1.4.3+20140219-0ubuntu2.6 all Python modules for printer configuration with CUPS ii python-dbus-dev 1.2.0-2build2 all main loop integration development files for python-dbus ii python-distlib-whl 0.1.8-1ubuntu1 all low-level components of python distutils2/packaging rc python-gobject-2 2.28.6-12build1 amd64 deprecated static Python bindings for the GObject library ii python-html5lib-whl 0.999-3~ubuntu1 all HTML parser/tokenizer based on the WHATWG HTML5 specification ii python-ldb 1:1.1.16-1 amd64 Python bindings for LDB ii python-minimal 2.7.5-5ubuntu3 amd64 minimal subset of the Python language (default version) ii python-ntdb 1.0-2ubuntu1 amd64 Python bindings for NTDB ii python-pam 0.4.2-13.1ubuntu3 amd64 Python interface to the PAM library ii python-pip-whl 1.5.4-1ubuntu3 all alternative Python package installer ii python-renderpm 3.0-1build1 amd64 python low level render interface ii python-reportlab-accel 3.0-1build1 amd64 C coded extension accelerator for the ReportLab Toolkit ii python-requests-whl 2.2.1-1ubuntu0.3 all elegant and simple HTTP library for Python, built for human beings ii python-setuptools-whl 3.3-1ubuntu2 all Python Distutils Enhancements (wheel package) ii python-six-whl 1.5.2-1ubuntu1 all Python 2 and 3 compatibility library (universal wheel) rc python-support 1.0.15 all automated rebuilding support for Python modules ii python-talloc 2.1.0-1 amd64 hierarchical pool based memory allocator - Python bindings ii python-tdb 1.2.12-1 amd64 Python bindings for TDB ii python-twisted-bin 13.2.0-1ubuntu1 amd64 Event-based framework for internet applications rc python-twisted-core 13.2.0-1ubuntu1 all Event-based framework for internet applications rc python-ubuntu-sso-client 13.10-0ubuntu6 all Ubuntu Single Sign-On client - Python library ii python-urllib3-whl 1.7.1-1ubuntu3 all HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling ii python2.7 2.7.6-8ubuntu0.2 amd64 Interactive high-level object-oriented language (version 2.7) ii python2.7-minimal 2.7.6-8ubuntu0.2 amd64 Minimal subset of the Python language (version 2.7) ii python3 3.4.0-0ubuntu2 amd64 interactive high-level object-oriented language (default python3 version) ii python3-apport 2.14.1-0ubuntu3.11 all Python 3 library for Apport crash report handling ii python3-apt 0.9.3.5ubuntu1 amd64 Python 3 interface to libapt-pkg ii python3-aptdaemon 1.1.1-1ubuntu5.2 all Python 3 module for the server and client of aptdaemon ii python3-chardet 2.2.1-2~ubuntu1 all universal character encoding detector for Python3 ii python3-colorama 0.2.5-0.1ubuntu2 all Cross-platform colored terminal text in Python - Python 3.x ii python3-commandnotfound 0.3ubuntu12 all Python 3 bindings for command-not-found. ii python3-dbus 1.2.0-2build2 amd64 simple interprocess messaging system (Python 3 interface) ii python3-dbus.mainloop.qt 4.10.4+dfsg-1ubuntu1 amd64 D-Bus Support for PyQt4 with Python 3 ii python3-debian 0.1.21+nmu2ubuntu2 all Python 3 modules to work with Debian-related data formats ii python3-defer 1.0.6-2build1 all Small framework for asynchronous programming (Python 3) ii python3-dev 3.4.0-0ubuntu2 amd64 header files and a static library for Python (default) ii python3-distlib 0.1.8-1ubuntu1 all low-level components of python distutils2/packaging ii python3-distupgrade 1:0.220.7 all manage release upgrades ii python3-gdbm:amd64 3.4.0-0ubuntu1 amd64 GNU dbm database support for Python 3.x ii python3-gi 3.12.0-1ubuntu1 amd64 Python 3 bindings for gobject-introspection libraries ii python3-html5lib 0.999-3~ubuntu1 all HTML parser/tokenizer based on the WHATWG HTML5 specification (Python 3) ii python3-minimal 3.4.0-0ubuntu2 amd64 minimal subset of the Python language (default python3 version) ii python3-pip 1.5.4-1ubuntu3 all alternative Python package installer - Python 3 version of the package ii python3-pkg-resources 3.3-1ubuntu2 all Package Discovery and Resource Access using pkg_resources ii python3-problem-report 2.14.1-0ubuntu3.11 all Python 3 library to handle problem reports ii python3-pycurl 7.19.3-0ubuntu3 amd64 Python 3 bindings to libcurl ii python3-pykde4 4:4.13.3-0ubuntu0.1 amd64 Python 3 bindings for the KDE Development Platform ii python3-pyqt4 4.10.4+dfsg-1ubuntu1 amd64 Python3 bindings for Qt4 ii python3-requests 2.2.1-1ubuntu0.3 all elegant and simple HTTP library for Python3, built for human beings ii python3-setuptools 3.3-1ubuntu2 all Python3 Distutils Enhancements ii python3-sip 4.15.5-1build1 amd64 Python 3/C++ bindings generator runtime library ii python3-six 1.5.2-1ubuntu1 all Python 2 and 3 compatibility library (Python 3 interface) ii python3-software-properties 0.92.37.3 all manage the repositories that you install software from ii python3-uno 1:4.2.8-0ubuntu2 amd64 Python-UNO bridge ii python3-update-manager 1:0.196.13 all python 3.x module for update-manager ii python3-urllib3 1.7.1-1ubuntu3 all HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling for Python3 ii python3-wheel 0.24.0-1~ubuntu1 all built-package format for Python ii python3-xkit 0.5.0ubuntu2 all library for the manipulation of xorg.conf files (Python 3) ii python3.4 3.4.0-2ubuntu1.1 amd64 Interactive high-level object-oriented language (version 3.4) ii python3.4-dev 3.4.0-2ubuntu1.1 amd64 Header files and a static library for Python (v3.4) ii python3.4-minimal 3.4.0-2ubuntu1.1 amd64 Minimal subset of the Python language (version 3.4)$ lsb_release -a No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 14.04.2 LTS Release: 14.04 Codename: trusty$ grep -P '^[ \t]*[^#[ \t]+' /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted /etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted /etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe /etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates universe /etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates universe /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main restricted /etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main restricted /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security universe /etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security universe /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security multiverse /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu trusty partner /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main /etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://cran.uni-muenster.de/bin/linux/ubuntu trusty/ /etc/apt/sources.list.d/fossfreedom-packagefixes-trusty.list:deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/fossfreedom/packagefixes/ubuntu trusty main /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jitsi.list:deb http://download.jitsi.org/deb unstable/ /etc/apt/sources.list.d/leviatan1-ppa-trusty.list:deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/leviatan1/ppa/ubuntu trusty main$ whereis python python: /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python3.4-config /usr/bin/python3.4 /usr/bin/python3.4m /usr/bin/python2.7 /usr/bin/python3.4m-config /etc/python /etc/python3.4 /etc/python2.7 /usr/lib/python3.4 /usr/lib/python2.7 /usr/bin/X11/python /usr/bin/X11/python3.4-config /usr/bin/X11/python3.4 /usr/bin/X11/python3.4m /usr/bin/X11/python2.7 /usr/bin/X11/python3.4m-config /usr/local/lib/python3.4 /usr/local/lib/python2.7 /usr/include/python3.4 /usr/include/python3.4m /usr/share/python /usr/share/man/man1/python.1.gz$ whereis python2.7 python2: /usr/bin/python2.7 /usr/bin/python2 /etc/python2.7 /usr/lib/python2.7 /usr/bin/X11/python2.7 /usr/bin/X11/python2 /usr/local/lib/python2.7 /usr/share/man/man1/python2.1.gz
你已經安裝了比你的發行版提供的更新的 Python 包。例如，您
python安裝了 2.7.10-1 版本，但您的發行版只有 2.7.5-5ubuntu3 版本。除非明確告知，否則 APT 不會降級軟體包。因此，例如，如果您嘗試安裝依賴於 Python 確切版本的包，它將無法工作，因為該
python包無法降級。甚至apt-get --reinstall install python失敗，因為 APT 不會將 Python 降級到 2.7.5。為了修復您的系統，您需要允許 APT 執行降級。為此，請定義APT 首選項。創建一個
/etc/apt/preferences.d/allow-downgrade包含Package: * Pin: release o=Ubuntu Pin-Priority: 1001
/etc/apt/preferences.d（加號）中的文件/etc/apt/preferences包含優先級聲明，當一個包的多個版本可用時覆蓋預設選擇，即“首選目標發行版中的最新版本”。為包提供超過 1000 的優先級會使其成為首選，即使它是具有較低優先級的包的舊版本。已安裝的軟體包的優先級為 500，因此來自 Ubuntu 的軟體包獲勝。有關更多資訊，請參閱：man apt_preferences我認為一旦你設置了這些優先級，你就可以執行
apt-get update apt-get upgrade將所有軟體包降級到 Ubuntu 中的版本（不在 Ubuntu 中的軟體包不會被刪除）。在成功完成之前，請執行
apt-get -f install並且不要嘗試安裝任何其他軟體。一切都降級後，刪除首選項文件並
apt-get update再次執行。